C++ DirectX11窗口颜色不变

我正在开发一个使用DX11的游戏引擎。我正在按照http://www.rastertek.com/的教程进行操作。我已经完成了教程2.问题是，当我尝试更改颜色值时，窗口仍为黑色。相关的代码是：C++ DirectX11窗口颜色不变

Graphics.cpp

bool Graphics::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd) 
{ 
    bool result; 

    m_D3D = new D3DClass; 

    if (!m_D3D) 
     return false; 

    result = m_D3D->Initialize(screenWidth, screenHeight, hwnd, VSYNC_ENABLED, FULL_SCREEN, SCREEN_DEPTH, SCREEN_NEAR); 
    if (!result) 
    { 
     MessageBox(hwnd, "Could not initialize Direct3D", "Error", MB_OK); 
     return false; 
    } 

    return true; 
} 

bool Graphics::Render() 
{ 
    m_D3D->BeginScene(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); 
    m_D3D->EndScene(); 
    return true; 
}

D3DClass.cpp

bool D3DClass::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd, bool vsync, bool fullscreen, float screenDepth, float screenNear) 
{ 
    HRESULT result; 
    IDXGIFactory* factory; 
    IDXGIAdapter* adapter; 
    IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput; 
    unsigned int numModes, i, numerator, denominator, stringLength; 
    DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList; 
    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc; 
    int error; 
    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc; 
    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel; 
    ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr; 
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc; 
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc; 
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc; 
    D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc; 
    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport; 
    float fieldOfView, screenAspect; 

    m_vsync_enabled = vsync; 


    result = CreateDXGIFactory(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory), (void**)&factory); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 

    result = factory->EnumAdapters(0, &adapter); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    result = adapter->EnumOutputs(0, &adapterOutput); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, NULL); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    displayModeList = new DXGI_MODE_DESC[numModes]; 
    if (!displayModeList) 
     return false; 


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, displayModeList); 
    if(FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    for (int i = 0; i < numModes; i++) 
    { 
     if (displayModeList[i].Height == (unsigned int)screenHeight && displayModeList[i].Width == (unsigned int)screenWidth) 
     { 
      numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator; 
      denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator; 
      break; 
     } 
    } 


    result = adapter->GetDesc(&adapterDesc); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    m_videoCardMemory = (int)(adapterDesc.DedicatedVideoMemory/1048576); //MB 

    error = wcstombs_s(&stringLength, m_videoCardDescription, 128, adapterDesc.Description, 128); 
    if (error != 0) 
     return false; 


    delete[] displayModeList; 
    displayModeList = 0; 

    adapterOutput->Release(); 
    adapterOutput = 0; 

    adapter->Release(); 
    adapter = 0; 

    factory->Release(); 
    factory = 0; 


    ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc)); 
    swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1; 

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth; 
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight; 
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM; 

    if (m_vsync_enabled) 
    { 
     swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator; 
     swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator; 
    } 
    else 
    { 
     swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0; 
     swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1; 
    } 

    swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT; 
    swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd; 

    //MultiSampling Off 
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1; 
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0; 

    swapChainDesc.Windowed = !fullscreen; 

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED; 
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED; 

    swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD; 
    swapChainDesc.Flags = 0; 

    featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0; 

    result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 

    result = m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 

    backBufferPtr->Release(); 
    backBufferPtr = 0; 

    ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc)); 

    depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth; 
    depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight; 
    depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1; 
    depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1; 
    depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT; 
    //Multisampling off 
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1; 
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0; 
    depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT; 
    depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL; 
    depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0; 
    depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0; 

    result = m_device->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &m_depthStencilBuffer); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc)); 
    depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true; 
    depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL; 
    depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS; 
    depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true; 
    depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF; 
    depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF; 
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP; 
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR; 
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP; 
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS; 
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP; 
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR; 
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP; 
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS; 

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &m_depthStencilState); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 


    m_deviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(m_depthStencilState, 1); 

    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc)); 
    depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT; 
    depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D; 
    depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0; 

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &m_depthStencilView); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 

    m_deviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &m_renderTargetView, m_depthStencilView); 

    //TODO::CUSTOMIZE USER PRESETS 
    rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false; 
    rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK; 
    rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0; 
    rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f; 
    rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true; 
    rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID; 
    rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false; 
    rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false; 
    rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false; 
    rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f; 

    result = m_device->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &m_rasterState); 
    if (FAILED(result)) 
     return false; 

    m_deviceContext->RSSetState(m_rasterState); 

    viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth; 
    viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight; 
    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f; 
    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f; 
    viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f; 
    viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f; 

    m_deviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport); 

    //TODO:: FOV SETTINGS 
    fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI/4.0f; 
    screenAspect = (float)screenWidth/(float)screenHeight; 

    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&m_projectionMatrix, fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth); 
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&m_worldMatrix); 
    D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&m_orthoMatrix, (float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth); 

    return true; 
} 
void D3DClass::BeginScene(float red, float green, float blue, float alpha) 
{ 

    m_deviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView, D3DXCOLOR(red, green, blue, alpha)); 

    m_deviceContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0); 
    return; 
} 

void D3DClass::EndScene() 
{ 
    if (m_vsync_enabled) 
     m_swapChain->Present(1, 0); 
    else 
     m_swapChain->Present(0, 0); 

    return; 
}

Framework.cpp

void Framework::InitializeWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight) 
{ 
    WNDCLASSEX wc; 
    DEVMODE dmScreenSettings; 

    int posX, posY; 

    m_application = this; 
    m_hinstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL); 

    m_applicationName = "Racing Game"; 

    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC; 
    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; 
    wc.cbClsExtra = 0; 
    wc.cbWndExtra = 0; 
    wc.hInstance = m_hinstance; 
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO); 
    wc.hIconSm = wc.hIcon; 
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); 
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH); 
    wc.lpszMenuName = NULL; 
    wc.lpszClassName = m_applicationName; 
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); 

    RegisterClassEx(&wc); 

    screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN); 
    screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN); 

    if (FULL_SCREEN) 
    { 
     memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings)); 
     dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings); 
     dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = (unsigned long)screenWidth; 
     dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = (unsigned long)screenHeight; 
     dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32; 
     dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT; 

     ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN); 

     posX = posY = 0; 
    } 
    else 
    { 
     screenWidth = 800; 
     screenHeight = 600; 

     posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - screenWidth)/2; 
     posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - screenHeight)/2; 
    } 

    m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName, WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_POPUP, posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL); 
    ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW); 
    SetForegroundWindow(m_hwnd); 
    SetFocus(m_hwnd); 

    ShowCursor(false); 
    return; 
}

每次我在BeginScene()调用中更改参数时，无论这些参数是什么（我尝试的值都是从红色的1.0f到256.0f），窗口始终是黑色的，并且没有窗口顶部的三个按钮（关闭，最小化，扩大）。我究竟做错了什么？任何帮助赞赏。

来源

2017-08-10 aPlutonicCoder

该Rastertek教程仍然有效，但他们使用了很多遗留的东西，所以记住这一点。你可能想看看[DirectX Tool Kit]的教程（https://github.com/Microsoft/DirectXTK/wiki/Getting-Started） –

我下面一样的教程，

它的浮点值0和1之间

所以你的情况为红色是

bool Graphics::Render() 
{ 
    m_D3D->BeginScene(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); 
    m_D3D->EndScene(); 
    return true; 
}

不要忘记设置不透明度为1.0的最后一个值。

祝你下一次好运。

来源

2017-08-10 20:50:02

C++ DirectX11窗口颜色不变

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