硬件事务内存：_xbegin（）返回0

Question

通过GCC文档：x86-transactional-memory-intrinsics.html，当交易失败/中止，_xbegin（）应返回中止状态。但是，我发现它有时会返回0。而且频率非常高。 ** _ xbegin（）**会返回0的是什么样的情况？

查看手册后，我发现很多情况可能会导致这种结果。例如，CPUID，SYSTEMCALL，CFLUSH.etc。但是，我不认为我的代码触发了其中的任何一个。

这是我的代码：模拟一个小银行，随机转账1 $到另一个账户。

#include "immintrin.h" 
#include <thread> 
#include <unistd.h> 
#include <iostream> 

using namespace std; 

#define n_threads 1 
#define OPSIZE 1000000000 
typedef struct Account{ 
    long balance; 
    long number; 
} __attribute__((aligned(64))) account_t; 

typedef struct Bank{ 
    account_t* accounts; 
    long size; 
} bank_t; 

bool done = 0; 
long *tx, *_abort, *capacity, *debug, *failed, *conflict, *zero; 

void* f1(bank_t* bank, int id){ 
    for(int i=0; i<OPSIZE; i++){ 
     int src = rand()%bank->size; 
     int dst = rand()%bank->size; 
     while(src == dst){ 
      dst = rand()%bank->size; 
     } 

     while(true){ 
      unsigned stat = _xbegin(); 
      if(stat == _XBEGIN_STARTED){ 
       bank->accounts[src].balance++; 
       bank->accounts[dst].balance--; 
       _xend(); 
       asm volatile("":::"memory");  
       tx[id]++; 
       break; 
      }else{ 
       _abort[id]++; 

       if (stat == 0){ 
        zero[id]++; 
       } 
       if (stat & _XABORT_CONFLICT){ 
        conflict[id]++; 
       } 
       if (stat & _XABORT_CAPACITY){ 
        capacity[id]++; 
       } 
       if (stat & _XABORT_DEBUG){ 
        debug[id]++; 
       } 
       if ((stat & _XABORT_RETRY) == 0){ 
        failed[id]++; 
        break; 
       } 
       if (stat & _XABORT_NESTED){ 
        printf("[ PANIC ] _XABORT_NESTED\n"); 
        exit(-1); 
       } 
       if (stat & _XABORT_EXPLICIT){ 
        printf("[ panic ] _XBEGIN_EXPLICIT\n"); 
        exit(-1); 
       } 
      } 
     } 
    } 
    return NULL; 
} 
void* f2(bank_t* bank){ 
    printf("_heartbeat function\n"); 
    long last_txs=0, last_aborts=0, last_capacities=0, last_debugs=0, last_faileds=0, last_conflicts=0, last_zeros = 0; 
    long txs=0, aborts=0, capacities=0, debugs=0, faileds=0, conflicts=0, zeros = 0; 
    while(1){ 
     last_txs = txs; 
     last_aborts = aborts; 
     last_capacities = capacities; 
     last_debugs = debugs; 
     last_conflicts = conflicts; 
     last_faileds = faileds; 
     last_zeros = zeros; 

     txs=aborts=capacities=debugs=faileds=conflicts=zeros = 0; 
     for(int i=0; i<n_threads; i++){ 
      txs += tx[i]; 
      aborts += _abort[i]; 
      faileds += failed[i]; 
      capacities += capacity[i]; 
      debugs += debug[i]; 
      conflicts += conflict[i]; 
      zeros += zero[i]; 
     } 

     printf("txs\t%ld\taborts\t\t%ld\tfaileds\t%ld\tcapacities\t%ld\tdebugs\t%ld\tconflit\t%ld\tzero\t%ld\n", 
      txs - last_txs, aborts - last_aborts , faileds - last_faileds, 
      capacities- last_capacities, debugs - last_debugs, conflicts - last_conflicts, 
      zeros- last_zeros); 

     sleep(1); 
    } 
} 

int main(int argc, char** argv){ 
    int accounts = 10240; 

    bank_t* bank = new bank_t; 
    bank->accounts = new account_t[accounts]; 
    bank->size = accounts; 

    for(int i=0; i<accounts; i++){ 
     bank->accounts[i].number = i; 
     bank->accounts[i].balance = 0; 
    } 

    thread* pid[n_threads]; 
    tx = new long[n_threads]; 
    _abort = new long[n_threads]; 
    capacity = new long[n_threads]; 
    debug = new long[n_threads]; 
    failed = new long[n_threads]; 
    conflict = new long[n_threads]; 
    zero = new long[n_threads]; 

    thread* _heartbeat = new thread(f2, bank); 
    for(int i=0; i<n_threads; i++){ 
     tx[i] = _abort[i] = capacity[i] = debug[i] = failed[i] = conflict[i] = zero[i] = 0; 
     pid[i] = new thread(f1, bank, i); 
    } 

// sleep(5); 
    for(int i=0; i<n_threads;i++){ 
     pid[i]->join(); 
    } 
    return 0; 
} 

补充：

1. 所有账户的64位对齐。我打印银行 - >账户[0]，银行 - >账户1地址。 0xf41080,0xf410c0。
2. 使用-O0和asm volatile("":::"memory");因此没有指令重新排序的问题。

3. 中止率在时间上升。这里是结果

   txs  84  aborts   0  faileds 0  capacities  0  debugs 0  conflit 0  zero 0 
   txs  17070804  aborts   71  faileds 68  capacities  9  debugs 0  conflit 3  zero 59 
   txs  58838   aborts   9516662 faileds 9516661 capacities  0  debugs 0  conflit 1  zero 9516661 
   txs  0    aborts   9550428 faileds 9550428 capacities  0  debugs 0  conflit 0  zero 9550428 
   txs  0    aborts   9549254 faileds 9549254 capacities  0  debugs 0  conflit 0  zero 9549254 
   

4. 即使通过n_th​​reads是1，结果也是一样的。

5. 如果我在后退后添加粗体锁，则结果看起来是正确的。

   int fallback_lock; 
   
   bool 
   rtm_begin(int id) 
   { 
       while(true) { 
        unsigned stat; 
        stat = _xbegin(); 
        if(stat == _XBEGIN_STARTED) { 
         return true; 
        } else { 
         _abort[id]++; 
         if (stat == 0){ 
          zero[id]++; 
         } 
         //call some fallback function 
         if (stat& _XABORT_CONFLICT){ 
          conflict[id]++; 
         } 
   
         //will not succeed on a retry 
         if ((stat & _XABORT_RETRY) == 0) { 
          failed[id]++; 
          //grab a fallback lock 
          while (!__sync_bool_compare_and_swap(&fallback_lock,0,1)) { 
          } 
          return false; 
         } 
        } 
       } 
   } 
   .... 
   
   in_rtm = rtm_begin(id); 
   y = fallback_lock; 
   accounts[src].balance--; 
   accounts[dst].balance++; 
   if (in_rtm){ 
       _xend(); 
   }else{ 
       while(!__sync_bool_compare_and_swap(&fallback_lock, 1, 0)){ 
       } 
   } 
   

Answer 1

上

RTM硬件文档建议如下：

EAX的值可以是 '0' 以下的RTM中止。例如，在RTM区域内使用时的CPUID指令导致事务中止，并且可能不满足设置任何EAX位的要求。这可能会导致EAX值为'0'。

（其中，EAX是用于传达状态硬件寄存器，即GCC将依次回报给您的返回值）